Staff Profile - Dr. Mark Scrimshaw

My research has covered a range of topics, encompassing public perception of environmental management, risk in relation to exposure to chemicals and issues of sustainability related to recovery of phosphorus from wastewaters. However, the major focus has been, and remains, the fate and behaviour of chemicals. Research is predominantly laboratory based, and major topics include:

• Emerging contaminants; the evaluation of their environmental impact and approaches for controlling their discharge to the environment.
• The sources, fate and behaviour of organic micro pollutants in sediment and water.
• The fate of contaminants in wastewater treatment processes.
• Cost / benefits of increasing stringency of environmental quality standards.
• Development of analytical methods for the determination of contaminants in the environment and wastewater matrices.

Qualifications

• BSc Food Science, University of Leeds, 1980
• PhD University of London, 1996
• DIC Imperial College, 1996


• CChem MRSC, Chartered Chemist, Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
• CBiol MIBiol, Chartered Biologist, Member of the Institute of Biology.
• MCIWEM, Member of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management

Career

• 2005 – to date Brunel University
• 1989-2005 Imperial College London
• 1987-1989 Waters Chromatography Division, Millipore (UK) Ltd., Watford.
• 1986-1987 Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College, London.
• 1985-1986 Coopers Animal Health Ltd, Berkhamsted.
• 1980-1985 Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, London.

• Consultant to Ove Arup (1998-2000). EU TACIS ENVREG 9705. Environment Programme for the Danube River Basin. Vulcanesti Pesticide Dump Site Investigation, Moldova.
• Member of “SedNet” WP3 - Quality and Impact Assessment. (2002-2004). SedNet was an EU Framework 5 Thematic Network (Contract EVK1-CT-2001-20002).
• Invited academic member “Good Regulation and Competitiveness Network” (2002 - 2004). Part of the DTI funded United Kingdom Analytical Partnership (UKAP)
• Advisory Panel to the Standing Committee of Analysts (2005-2006). Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials. The determination of steroid estrogens in environmental and waste waters using chromatography and mass spectrometry
• SETAC Europe conference 2006. Co-chairing of sessions on Sediment Ecotoxicology. Resulted in output published in the Journal of Soils and Sediments (2006), 6, 116-117 and SETAC Globe (2006), 4, 9-12.

Chemicals in the Environment
With a population of over 60 million in the UK, we deliver to the UK water industry around 3.6 billion tonnes of sewage a year (1½ times the volume of Lake Victoria, the largest of all African lakes) – its treatment presents a huge challenge, exacerbated by the occurrence of often hazardous chemicals. With the addition of urban and agricultural runoff, controlling the water quality of our rivers is a challenge underpinned by meeting statutory standards.

Meeting these standards comes at a cost. Research at Brunel addresses wider issues, such as looking at how we might reduce the concentrations of chemicals in the environment at a time of increasing population and chemical use, alongside the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Alos, of growing interest, what are appropriate standards and control measures and how we might become more intelligent about how we use chemicals and dispose of them.

The toxicity of chemicals in the real world
At present, ecotoxicological studies to determine the concentrations at which chemicals exert a toxic effect are undertaken in pure laboratory water as an exposure medium. However, this water is not representative of that which is present in the environment, where rivers contain dissolved organic matter (DOM) which may reduce the bioavailability of chemicals. Rivers and streams vary widely in DOM concentration as well as DOM characters (e.g., aromaticity), and these features of DOM may produce variation in dissolved concentrations of many chemicals and also in their bioavailability. As a consequence, it is possible that toxicity of chemicals determined in the laboratory may be lower than is the case in the “real” aquatic environment, resulting in the derivation of environmental quality standards (EQS) which are perhaps over protective.

Two research students, Anna de Polo and Cyril Onogbosele are both looking at this topic, Anna investigating environmental factors influencing the toxicity of metals in esturaine environments, and Cyril studing how dissolved organic matter may influence bioavailability and toxicity of organic contaminants, such as PFOS, HBCD and EE2.

Removal of contaminants during municipal wastewater treatment processes
Working with the UK Water Industry, where there remains a requirement to understand how biological wastewater treatment may operated to achieve maximum removal of trace organic and metallic contaminants. At present, projects are focussed in two areas, related to efficiency of processes in removing metals and organic contaminants along with studies into the impact of ligands in influencing the toxicity of metals in wastewater effluents.

Significance of organic ligands in municipal wastewater effluents.
This work, being undertaken in collaboration with Dr Sean Comber at Atkins, is supporting and EngD student, Carlos Constantino and is funded by the EPSRC and Severn Trent Water plc through the Engineering Doctorate programme. It is focussing on the influence of organic ligands in wastewaters on the bioavailability and toxicity of metals, in particular copper, nickel and zinc. The objective of the work is to increase understanding of binding of metals to  organic ligands and to influence the debate on the introduction of speciation based environmental quality standards (EQS).

Indirect Potable Reuse: Hazard and Risk prioritisation.
Research being undertaken by Angelina Dominiguez-Chicas in conjunction with the UK Water Industry is evaluating methodology for assessing the hazard and risk associated with chemical contaminants in relation to indirect potable reuse (IPR) schemes. As part of the delivery of potable water, WHO guidelines now highlight the value of the water safety plan (WSP) approach. The project that Angelia is working on involves developing and applying methodologies to evaluate the risk posed by chemical hazards along the water supply chain as part of the WSP for indirect potable reuse schemes.

Grants Awarded

Awards

One of my research papers has been recognised by the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering and won the “Outstanding Paper Award” at the 2004 GIGR International Conference, Beijing, China October 10-14.

M.A. Massoud, M. El-Fadel, M.D. Scrimshaw, and J.N. Lester. (2004). Land use Impact on the Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Contaminant Loads to Abou Ali River and Its Coastal Zone in North Lebanon. Agricultural Engineering International Vol. VI. May 2004.

Journal of the International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Génie Rural) http://cigr-ejournal.tamu.edu.

Postgraduate Researchers

Carlos Constantino, EPSRC and Severn Trent Water
Environmental Quality Standards and effluent discharge consents for metals.
The objective of this project is to investigate the role of complexants in the removal of copper, nickel and zinc during wastewater treatment, and to contribute to the argument for speciation based standards and consents.

Anna de Polo
The aim of Anna’s research is to make a contribution to the development of a biotic ligand model predicting copper toxicity in estuaries and seas. In order to achieve this objective it is necessary, firstly, to identify the main challenges that need to be addressed and, secondly, to develop a strategy of research that allow investigating the identified problems. The first step was indeed a review of the information available in the literature. This investigation underlined two main topics of research: a) The interactions between organic matter and copper toxicity, with particular regard to the effects of different types of organic matter, displaying different complexation capacities; b) The influence of physiology on copper toxicity and their interactions at variable salinities.

Angelina Dominiguez-Chicas, PROMEP (Mexico)
Water Reuse
The aim of this study is to develop a robust procedure for hazard assessment and risk characterization for indirect potable reuse (IPR) schemes, focussing on chemical contaminants of concern, and related to modelling of the catchment, which will help ensure that the potable supply is chemically safe and meets international (WHO) and national guidelines.

Hussein Janna, Iraqi Government, PhD completed November 2011
Occurrence and Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewaters
The water industry faces significant challenges over the coming decades, with requirements to meet increasingly stringent environmental quality targets along with increasing pressure to reduce energy use and associated emissions of CO2. Whereby it should be balance between the quality of water or treated wastewater and requirement to reduce CO2 emissions.

Cyril Onogbosele
This research, being undertaken in collaboration with the UK wate rindustry, will begin with a focus on the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the partitioning of some model compounds with a range of hydrophobicities., to determine if the prsence of DOM may influence removal on suspended solids. It will then move onot the effect of DOM on toxicity, using EE2 woth DOM, and then the addition of both PFOS and HBCD to detremine if there is any influence from competative binding.

Publications

• Lai, K.M., Johnson, K.L., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2000). Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3890-3894.
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• Rahman, F., Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Sci. Total Environ., 275, 1-17.
• Koh,Y.K.K., Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2005). Fate and Behaviour of Alkylphenols and their Poly-ethoxylates in an Activated Sludge Plant, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75, 1098-1106.
• Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 112, 41-48.
• Janna, H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Williams, R.J., Churchley, J. and Sumpter, J.P. (2011). From Dishwasher to Tap? Xenobiotic Substances Benzotriazole and Tolyltriazole in the Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3858–3864.
• Constantino, C., Scrimshaw, M.D., Comber, S. and Churchley, J. (2011). An evaluation of biotic ligand models predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna in wastewater effluent. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 852–860.

Complete list

1. Scrimshaw, M.D., Bubb, J.M. and Lester, J.N. (1994). Magnitude and distribution of contaminants in salt marsh sediments of the Essex Coast . IV. Organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Sci. Total Environ., 155, 73-81.
2. Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1995). Organochlorine contamination in sediments of the inner Thames Estuary. J. Chart. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 9, 519-525.
3. Dowson, P.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Nasir, J.M., Bubb, J.M. and Lester, J.N. (1996). The environmental impact of a chemical spill from a timber treatment works on a lowland river system. J. Chart. Inst. Water Environ. Manage., 10, 235-244.
4. Scrimshaw, M.D., Bubb, J.M. and Lester, J.N. (1996). Organochlorine contamination of UK Essex coast salt marsh sediments. J. Coast. Res., 12, 246-255.
5. Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1996). The occurrence and effects of organic micropollutants in salt marsh sediments with reference to the UK Essex coast: A review. Environ. Technol., 17, 951-964.
6. Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1997). Estimates of the inputs of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides to the River Thames derived from the sediment record. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 355, 189-212.
7. Sweeney, R.E.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Morse, G.K. and Lester, J.N. (1998). Evaluation of olfactory sensing in the water industry. Environ. Monit. Assess., 52, 411-424.
8. Taylor, P.N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1998). Supercritical fluid extraction of acidic herbicides from sediment. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 69, 141-155.
9. Chang, Y.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Emmerson, R.H.C. and Lester, J.N. (1998). Geostatistical analysis of sampling uncertainty at the Tollesbury managed retreat site in Blackwater Estuary, Essex, UK: Kriging and cokriging approach to minimise sampling density. Sci. Total Environ., 221, 43-57.
10. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Alternative antifouling biocides. Appl. Organomet. Chem., 13, 135-143.
11. Young, K., Morse, G.K., Scrimshaw, M.D., Kinniburgh, J.H., MacLeod, C.L. and Lester, J.N. (1999). The relation between phosphorus and eutrophication in the Thames catchment, UK. Sci. Total Environ., 228, 157-183.
12. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Analytical methods for the determination of 9 antifouling paint booster biocides in estuarine water samples. Chemosphere, 38, 3503-3516.
13. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Analytical method development for the determination of four biocides used in antifouling paints in estuarine waters and sediments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia, 50, 353-357.
14. Macleod, C.L., Scrimshaw, M.D., Emmerson, R.H.C., Chang, Y.H. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Geochemical changes in metal and nutrient loading at Orplands Farm managed retreat site, Essex, UK (April 1995-1997). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 38, 1115-1125.
15. Durrant, A.E., Scrimshaw, M.D., Stratful, I. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Review of the feasibility of recovering phosphate from wastewater for use as a raw material by the phosphate industry. Environ. Technol., 20, 749-758.
16. Stratful, I., Brett, S., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (1999). Biological phosphorus removal, its role in phosphorus recycling. Environ. Technol., 20, 681-695.
17. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2000). Occurrence of four biocides utilized in antifouling paints, as alternatives to organotin compounds, in waters and sediments of a commercial estuary in the UK. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40, 938-946.
18. Emmerson, R.H.C., Birkett, J.W., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2000). Solid phase partitioning of metals in managed retreat soils: field changes over the first year of tidal inundation. Sci. Total Environ., 254, 75-92.
19. Lai, K.M., Johnson, K.L., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2000). Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3890-3894.
20. Chang, Y.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). A revised grain-size trend analysis program to define net sediment transport pathways. Comput. Geosci., 27, 109-114.
21. Chang, Y.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Macleod, C.L. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Flood defence in the Blackwater Estuary, Essex, UK: The impact of sedimentological and geochemical changes on salt marsh development in the Tollesbury Managed Realignment site. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 470-481.
22. Emmerson, R.H.C., Scrimshaw, M.D., Birkett, J.W. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Solid phase partitioning of metals in Managed Realignment soils: laboratory studies in timed soil sea-water batch mixtures. Appl. Geochem., 16, 1621-1630.
23. Stratful, I., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Conditions influencing the precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Wat. Res., 35, 4191-4199.
24. Rahman, F., Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Sci. Total Environ., 275, 1-17.
25. Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). Multivariate analysis of UK salt marsh sediment contaminant data with reference to the significance of PCB contamination. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2676-2681.
26. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). Partitioning of selected antifouling biocides in the aquatic environment. Mar. Environ. Res., 53, 1-16.
27. Lai, K.M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). The effects of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in relation to their environmental occurrence. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 32, 113-132.
28. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). Comparative environmental assessment of biocides used in antifouling paints. Chemosphere, 47, 789-795.
29. Lai, K.M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). Prediction of the bioaccumulation factors and body burden of natural and synthetic estrogens in aquatic organisms in the river systems. Sci. Total Environ., 289, 159-168.
30. Myatt-Bell, L.B., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. and Potts, J.S. (2002). Public perception of managed realignment: Brancaster West Marsh, North Norfolk, UK. Mar. Pol., 26, 45-57.
31. Lai, K.M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). Biotransformation and bioconcentration of steroid estrogens by Chlorella vulgaris. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 859-864.
32. Myatt, L.B., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Public perceptions and attitudes towards a forthcoming managed realignment scheme: Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK. Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 565-582.
33. Myatt, L.B., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Public perceptions and attitudes towards a current managed realignment scheme: Brancaster West Marsh, North Norfolk, U.K. J. Coast. Res., 19, 278-286.
34. Myatt, L.B., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Public perceptions and attitudes towards an established managed realignment scheme: Orplands, Essex, UK. J. Environ. Manage., 68, 173-181.
35. Massoud, M.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the Mediterranean action plan: wastewater management in the Mediterranean region. Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 875-899.
36. Gomes, R.L., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Determination of endocrine disrupters in sewage treatment and receiving waters. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22, 697-707.
37. Gomes, R.L., Deacon, H.E., Lai, K.M., Birkett, J.W., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). An assessment of the bioaccumulation of estrone in Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 105-108.
38. Fletcher, C.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Transport of mecoprop from agricultural soils to an adjacent salt marsh. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 48, 313-320.
39. Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). In-vitro assays for determination of oestrogenic activity. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 378, 576-581.
40. Massoud, M.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Land use impact on the spatial and seasonal variation of contaminant loads to Abou Ali River and its coastal zone in North Lebanon. Agric. Eng. Int., 4, 1-18.
41. Chang, Y.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Quantifying uncertainties in the assessment of sediment quality: Statistical criteria and guidelines for sediment quality assessments. Environ. Technol., 25, 247-259.
42. Voulvoulis, N., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Removal of organotins during sewage treatment: A case study. Environ. Technol., 25, 733-740.
43. Scrimshaw, M.D., Langford, K.H. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Analytical methods for the determination of alkylphenolic surfactants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewaters and sewage sludges. I: A review of methodologies. Environ. Technol., 25, 967-974.
44. Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Analytical methods for the determination of alkylphenolic surfactants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewaters and sewage sludges. II: Method development. Environ. Technol., 25, 975-986.
45. Stratful, I., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Removal of struvite to prevent problems associated with its accumulation in wastewater treatment works. Wat. Environ. Res., 76, 437-443.
46. Gomes, R.L., Avcioglu, E., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Steroid estrogen determination in sediment and sewage sludge: a critique of sample preparation and chromatographic/mass spectrometry considerations incorporating a case study in method development. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23, 737-744.
47. Massoud, M.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2004). Integrated coastal zone and river basin management: A review of the literature, concepts and trends for decision makers. Wat. Policy, 6, 519-548.
48. Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Birkett, J.W. and Lester, J.N. (2005). Degradation of nonylphenolic surfactants in activated sludge batch tests. Wat. Res., 39, 870-876.
49. Gomes, R.L., Birkett, J.W., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2005). Simultaneous determination of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens and their conjugates in aqueous matrices by liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 85, 1-14.
50. Martin, O.V., Lai, K.M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2005). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for environmental diagnosis. A potential application to endocrine disruptors screening: in vitro estrogenicity bioassays. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5349-5355.
51. Langford, K.H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Birkett, J.W. and Lester, J.N. (2005). The partitioning of alkylphenolic surfactants and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in activated sludge batch tests. Chemosphere, 61, 1221-1230.
52. Scrimshaw, M.D., Wahlen, R. Catterick, T. and Lester, J.N. (2005). Butyltin compounds in a sediment core from the old Tilbury basin, London, UK. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50, 1500-1507.
53. Koh,Y.K.K., Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2005). Fate and Behaviour of Alkylphenols and their Poly-ethoxylates in an Activated Sludge Plant, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75, 1098-1106.
54. Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2006). Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 112, 41-48.
55. Massoud, M.A., El-Fadel, M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2006). Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon I: Spatial variation and land use. Sci. Total Environ., 362, 15-30.
56. Massoud, M.A., El-Fadel, M., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2006). Factors influencing development of management strategies for the Abou Ali River in Lebanon II: Seasonal and annual variation. Sci. Total Environ., 362, 31-41.
57. Langford K.H., Scrimshaw M.D. and Lester J.N. (2007). The impact of process variables on the removal of PBDEs and NPEOs during simulated activated sludge treatment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 53, 1-7.
58. Hollert, H., Ahlf, W., Heise, S., Manz, W., Scrimshaw, M.D., and White, S. (2007). Controversies and solutions in environmental sciences - Addressing toxicity of sediments and soils. J. Soils Seds., 7, 360-360.
59. Koh, Y.K.K, Chiu, T.Y., Boobis, A., Cartmell, E., Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2007). Determination of steroid estrogens in wastewater by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. A., 1173, 81–87.
60. Martin, O.V., Shialis, T., Lester, J.N, Scrimshaw, M.D, Boobis, A.R. and Voulvoulis, N. (2008). Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and the Estrogen Hypothesis: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 116, 149-157.
61. Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Boobis, A., Cartmell, E., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2008). Treatment and removal strategies for estrogens from wastewater. Environ. Technol., 29, 245-267.
62. Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Boobis, A., Cartmell, E., Pollard, S.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2008). A sensitive and robust method for the determination of alkylphenol polyethoxylates and their carboxylic acids and their transformation in a trickling filter wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere, 73, 551–556.
63. Martin, O.V., Shialis, T., Lester, J.N, Scrimshaw, M.D, Boobis, A.R. and Voulvoulis, N. (2008). Defective spermatogenesis: Martin et al. respond. Environ. Health Perspect., 116, A332-A332.
64. Gomes, R.L., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2009). Fate of conjugated natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in crude sewage and activated sludge batch studies. Environ. Sci Technol., 43 3612–3618.
65. Chiu, T.Y., Koh, Y.K.K., Paterakis, N., Boobis, A.R., Cartmell, E., Richards, K.H., Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2009). The significance of sample mass in the analysis of steroid estrogens in sewage sludges and the derivation of partition coefficients in wastewaters. J. Chromatog. A., 1216, 4923–4926.
66. Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Boobis, A.R., Cartmell, E., Soares, A., Pollard, S.A., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2009). The Influence of Operating Parameters on the Biodegradation of Steroid Estrogens and Alkylphenolic Compounds during Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6646-6654.
67. Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Paterakis, N., Boobis, A.R., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. and Cartmell, E. (2009). Fate and Occurrence of Alkylphenolic Compounds in Sewage Sludges Determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Technol., 29, 245-267.
68. Ziolko, D., Hala, D, Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2009). The effectiveness of conventional trickling filter treatment plants at reducing concentrations of copper in wastewaters. Sci. Total Environ., 407, 6235-6241.
69. Chiu, T.Y., Paterakis, N., Cartmell, E., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2010). A critical review of the formation of mono and dicarboxylated metabolic intermediates of alkylphenol polyethoxylates during wastewater treatment and their environmental significance. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 199-238.
70. Gomes, R.L., Scrimshaw, M.D., Cartmell, E. and Lester, J.N. (2011). The fate of steroid estrogens: partitioning during wastewater treatment and onto river sediments. Environ. Monit. Assess., 175, 431–441.
71. McAdam, E.J., Bagnall, J.P, Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Pollard, S., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. and Cartmell, E (2010). Removal of Steroid Estrogens in Carbonaceous and Nitrifying Activated Sludge Processes. Chemosphere, 81, 1-6.
72. Dominguez-Chicas, A. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2010) Hazard and risk assessment for indirect potable re-use schemes: an approach for use in developing Water Safety Plans. Water Res., 44 6115-6123.
73. Constantino, C., Scrimshaw, M.D., Comber, S. and Churchley, J. (2011). An evaluation of biotic ligand models predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna in wastewater effluent. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30, 852–860.
74. Turner, T., Cartmell, E., Lester, J.N., Casse, F., Comber, S.D.W and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2011). The Pharmaceutical use of Permethrin: Sources and Behavior during Municipal Sewage Treatment. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 61, 193–201.
75. McAdam, E., Bagnall, J., Koh, Y.K.K., Chiu, T.Y., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N., and Cartmell, E. (2011). Fate of alkylphenolic compounds during activated sludge treatment: Impact of loading and organic composition. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 248-254.
76. Ziolko, D., Martin, O.V., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2011). An Evaluation of Metal Removal During Wastewater Treatment: the Potential to Achieve More Stringent Final Effluent Standards. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 733–769.
77. Scrimshaw, M.D. (2011). Comment on “Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality” by M. Schriks, M.B. Heringa, M.M.E. van der Kooi, P. de Voogt and A.P. van Wezel [Water Research 44 (2010) 461-476]. Water Res., 45, 3012-3013.
78. Janna, H., Scrimshaw, M.D., Williams, R.J., Churchley, J. and Sumpter, J.P. (2011). From Dishwasher to Tap? Xenobiotic Substances Benzotriazole and Tolyltriazole in the Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3858–3864.
79. Paterakis, N., Chiu, T.Y., Koh, K.K.K., Lester, J.N., McAdam, E., Scrimshaw, M.D., Soares, A., Cartmell, E. (201X). The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion in removing estrogens and nonylphenol ethoxylates. J. Haz. Mat., in press.
80. de Polo, A. and Scrimshaw M.D. (201X). Challenges for the development of a biotic ligand model predicting copper toxicity in estuaries and seas. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., in press.

Books

• Voulvoulis, N.V. and Scrimshaw, M.D. (2002). Chapter 3 - Methods for the Determination of Endocrine Disrupters. In: Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes. (Eds. Birkett, J.W. and Lester, J.N.), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, USA, pp59-101. ISBN 1-84399-031-0
• Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2002). Chapter 5 - Fate and Behaviour of Endocrine Disrupters in Sludge Treatment and Disposal. In: Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes. (Eds. Birkett, J.W. and Lester, J.N.), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, USA, pp145-176. ISBN 1-84399-031-0
• Scrimshaw, M.D., DelValls, T.A., Blasco, J. and Chapman, P.M. (2007) Sediment Quality Guidelines and Weight of Evidence Assessments. In: (Eds. D. Barceló and M. Petrovic), Sediment Quality and Impact Assessment of Contaminants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands pp295-309. ISBN013: 978-0-444-51962-7

Conferences

• Lester, J.N. and Scrimshaw M.D. (1998). Input sources of pollutants to the salt marshes of the UK Essex coast. In: Workshop on Research needs for Coastal Pollution in Urban Areas (Eds., E.R. Christensen and R. O’Melia) National Science Foundation, Virginia, USA. October 16 - 17.
• Gaterell, M.R., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2001). An economic and environmental evaluation of the opportunities for substituting phosphorus recovered from wastewater treatment works in existing UK fertiliser markets. Second International Conference on Recovery of Phosphates, Noorwijkerhout, Holland. March 12 - 13.
• Gomes, R.L., Scrimshaw, M.D. and Lester, J.N. (2003). Determination and fate of conjugated steroid estrogens in the sewage treatment process. Joint UK Government SETAC Europe (UK Branch) and SETAC Europe meeting.
Endocrine Disrupters in the Environment - Linking Research and Policy. York, UK. March 31 – April 1.
• Scrimshaw, M.D. (2004). Sediment quality guidelines. 3rd International SedNet conference: “The future of sediment management in Europe”. Venice International University, San Servolo, Italy. November 25 - 26.

Teaching

I have been involved in teaching at masters level since 1987 when I taught practical classes on the Public Health Engineering course at Imperial College. Subsequently, as a Research Officer, I was involved in teaching water and analytical chemistry at masters level, initially with 15 hours of lectures a year, which increased to 25 with development of contributions on environmental microbiology and wastewater treatment. I was also responsible for organising and participating in the week long “study tour” for 20–30 MSc students to East Anglia for 5 years.

Course Development
Since arriving at Brunel University, I have been involved in teaching on the MSc programme within the Institute for the Environment. After my arrival in November 2005, I delivered a 15 credit module in “Water Management” the following term. I jointly led in gaining approval for two new MSc programmes, in Environmental Science, the “Pollution and Monitoring” and the “Legislation and Management” programmes. I have been Programme Leader on the Pollution and Monitoring course since 2006. I have also been a Senate Representative involved in the approval of new courses at Brunel University.

External Teaching Duties
I have recently been appointed as an external examiner at UCL on the MSc in Environmental Systems Engineering run by the Department Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering. I am also an external examiner for the MRes in Analytical Chemistry run by the School of Science and Technology at Nottingham Trent University.

External Duties

I represent Brunel University on the Confederation of British Industry's (CBI) London Climate Change Panel and have been involved in hosting students at Brunel University who were on the Nuffield Science Bursaries scheme.