Staff Profile - Dr. Stephen Kershaw

My research is a diverse range of studies that encompass shallow marine, coastal and terrestrial environments in both geologically recent and older settings. The work aims to: a) interpret environmental change in Earth surface environments in areas associated with active change in the Earth’s crust; and b) assess modern geohazards in those areas.

Qualifications

• 1975: BSc in Geology and Zoology
• 1979: PhD in palaeontology

Career

• 1980-1995: Lecturer at West London Institute, Isleworth, Middlesex
• 1995-2003: Lecturer at Brunel University
• 2003-present: Senior Lecturer at Brunel University

Research Projects

My research began in the 1970s in palaeontology and diversified into sedimentology and environmental geosciences, with a wide base of subdisciplines.
Current research focus is on:

1. Processes and environmental change in areas of geologically recent (Quaternary Period) evidence in the eastern Mediterranean area (Greece) and in southern China. I supervise research students working in this field in Greece and Mexico.
2. Palaeoenvironment reconstruction of organic reef deposits in Quaternary of the Mediterranean, and older ages (Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian) in UK, parts of Europe, China and Sweden;
3. Sedimentology and palaeobiology of the largest mass extinction event in Earth history (Permian-Triassic boundary, in parts of Asia and Europe).
4. Geohazard research associated with climate change, in Greece and Mexico, including changes in aquifers, flood risk and landslides.

Grants Awarded

Research funding support for field and university visits in recent years from: Chinese Academy of Sciences, CNRS France

Awards

1992: Chartered Geologist of the Geological Society of London

Postdoctoral Researchers

Dr Yue Li (Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology, China), visited Brunel Aug 2000 - Aug 2001. Funded by Chinese Academy of Sciences. (5 international English papers, 2 Chinese papers).

Dr Xiaoping Yang (Beijing Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development), visited Brunel May-Oct 2002, funded by her Institute.

Dr Anne-Christine Da Silva (University of Liége, Belgium, June 2008 and February – October 2009), funded by Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Belgium.

Postgraduate Researchers

Past students

Dewez, Thomas; Thesis title: Geomorphic markers and elevation models as tools for tectonic geomorphology in central Greece - PhD awarded 2003. Joint first supervisor. Funded by Brunel University.

Teasdale, Phillip: Thesis title: Holocene salt marsh accretion and relative sea-level change in western Scotland. Status: PhD awarded 2005. Second supervisor

Costa, Pedro: Thesis title: Sedimentary signatures of abrupt marine invasions and sudden environmental changes. Status: Mphil awarded October 2006. Second supervisor. Self-funded

Current students

Kalisperi, Despina: Thesis working title: Investigation of uplift patterns, western Crete. Started 2005. First supervisor. Funded by Greek State Scholarship Foundation.

Moisidi, Margarita: Thesis working title: Geophysical signatures of active structural domains in southern Crete. Started 2005. First supervisor. Funded by Greek State Scholarship Foundation.

Al-Maslamani, Mohammed: Thesis title: Assessment of atmospheric emissions due to anthropogenic activities In The State Of Qatar. PhD accepted, to be awarded 2009. First supervisor. Funded by Qatar State funding.

Zuniga De Leon, David: Thesis title: Flood dynamics, hazards and risks in an active alluvial fan system, threatening Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua, México. Started Feb 2008. First supervisor. Funded by PROMEP Mexican government research programme.

Publications

• Kershaw, S., Guo, L. and Braga, J-C. 2005. A Holocene coral-algal reef at Mavra Litharia, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: structure, history and applications in relative sea-level change. Marine Geology. 215, 171-192.
• Kershaw, S. and Guo, L. 2006. Pleistocene calcified cyanobacterial mounds, Perachora Peninsula, central Greece: a controversy of growth and history. In: Pedley, H. M. and Carannante, G. (eds); Cool-water carbonates. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 255, 53-69.
• Kershaw, S., Wood, R. and Guo, L. 2006. Stromatoporoid response to muddy substrates in Silurian limestones. GFF, 128, 131-138
• Kershaw, S., Li, Y. and Guo, L. 2007. Micritic fabrics define sharp margins of Wenlock patch reefs (middle Silurian) in Gotland and England. In Alvaro, J.J., Aretz, M., Boulvain, F., Munnecke, A., Vachard, D. and Vennin, E (eds). Palaeozoic reefs and bioaccumulations: Climatic and Evolutionary Controls. Geological Society Special Publications, 275, 87-94.
• Kershaw, S., Li, Y., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Feng, Q., Mu, X., Collin, P-Y., Reynolds, and Guo, L. (2007). Earliest Triassic microbialites in the South China Block and other areas; controls on their growth and distribution. Facies, 53(3), 409-425.
• Kershaw, S., Crasquin, S., Collin, P-Y., Li, Y., Feng, Q. and Forel, M-B. (in press for 2009). Microbialites as disaster forms in anachronistic facies following the end-Permian mass extinction: a discussion. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences.

Complete list

A) Refereed international papers:

1. Riding, R. & Kershaw, S. 1977. Nature of stromatoporoids. Nature 268: 178.
2. Kershaw, S. & Riding, R. 1978. Parameterization of stromatoporoid shape. Lethaia 11: 233 - 242.
3. Kershaw, S. & Riding, R. 1980. Stromatoporoid morphotypes of the Middle Devonian Torbay Reef Complex at Long Quarry Point, Devon. Proceedings of the Ussher Society 5: 13 - 23.
4. Kershaw, S. 1980. Cavities and cryptic faunas beneath non-reef stromatoporoids. Lethaia 13: 327 - 338.
5. Kershaw, S. 1981. Stromatoporoid growth form and taxonomy in a Silurian biostrome, Gotland. Journal of Paleontology 55: 1284 - 1295.
6. Kershaw, S. 1984. Patterns of stromatoporoid growth in level-bottom environments. Palaeontology 27: 113 - 130.
7. Kershaw, S. 1987. Stromatoporoid - coral intergrowths in a Silurian biostrome. Lethaia 20: 371 - 382.
8. Kershaw, S. 1987. Gypsum evaporites in the Ludlovian of Gotland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 109 (4): 331 - 333.
9. Kershaw, S. 1990. Stromatoporoid palaeobiology and taphonomy in a Siluran biostrome, Gotland, Sweden. Palaeontology 33: (3): 681 - 705.
10. West, R.R. & Kershaw, S. 1991. Chaetetid Habitats. pp 445-455 In Reitner, J. & Keupp, H. (Eds.). Fossil and Recent Sponges. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
11. Kershaw, S. & West, R.R. 1991. Chaetetid growth form and its controlling factors. Lethaia 24: 333 - 346.
12. Kershaw, S. 1991. Stromatoporoid palaeoecology in the Ludlovian of Gotland; a discussion. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 113: 245 – 248. (also reply by A. Kano).
13. Kershaw, S. 1993.Sedimentation control on growth of stromatoporoid reefs in the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Journal of Geological Society of London 150: 197 - 205.
14. Kershaw, S. & Keeling, M. 1994. Factors controlling the growth of stromatoporoid biostromes in the Ludlovian of Gotland. Sedimentary Geology 89: 325-335.
15. Kershaw, S. 1994. Cathodoluminescence of Silurian stromatoporoids from Gotland, Sweden. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 172: 307-318.
16. Keeling, M. & Kershaw, S. 1994. Rocky shore environments in the Upper Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. GFF, 116: 69-74.
17. Swan, A.H.R. & Kershaw, S. 1994. A computer model for skeletal growth of stromatoporoids. Palaeontology, 37: 409-423.
18. Kershaw, S. 1994. Classification and geological significance of biostromes. Facies, 31: 81-92.
19. Firth, C., Stewart, I., McGuire, W.J., Kershaw, S. and Vita-Finzi, C. 1996. Coastal elevation changes in eastern Sicily: implications for volcano instability at Mount Etna. In: McGuire, W.J., Jones, A.P. & Neuberg, J.(eds). Volcano Instability on the Earth and other planets. Geological Society of London Special Publication 110, 153-167.
20. Stewart, I.S., Cundy, A., Kershaw, S. and Firth, C. 1997. Holocene coastal uplift in the Taormina area, northeastern Sicily: implications for the southern prolongation of the Calabrian seismogenic belt. Journal of Geodynamics, 24, 37-50.
21. Kershaw, S. 1997. Palaeoenvironmental change in Silurian stromatoporoid reefs, Gotland, Sweden. Bolletin Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Section Geologicas), 91 (1-4), 331-344.
22. Johnson, M.E., Rong, J-Y. and Kershaw, S. 1998. Calibrating Silurian eustasy against the erosion and burial of coastal palaeotopography. pp3-13 In: Landing,E. and Johnson, M.E. (eds). Silurian Cycles: linkages of dynamic stratigraphy with atmospheric, oceanic and tectonic changes; James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin, 491. University of the State of New York, The State Education Department.
23. Brunton, F., Smith, L., Dixon, O., Copper, P., Nestor, H. & Kershaw,S. 1998. Silurian reef episodes, changing seascapes and palaeobiogeography. In:Landing, E. and Johnson, M.E. (eds). Silurian Cycles: linkages of dynamic stratigraphy with atmospheric, oceanic and tectonic changes; James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin, 491. University of the State of New York, The State Education Department.
24. Kershaw, S. 1998. The Applications of stromatoporoid palaeobiology in palaeoenvironment analysis. Palaeontology, 41, 509-544.
25. Kershaw, S., Zhang, T. and Lan, G. 1999. A ?microbialite crust at the Permian-Triassic boundary in south China, and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 146, 1-18.
26. Kershaw, S. and Brunton, F. 1999. Palaeozoic stromatoporoid taphonomy: ecologic and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 147, 1-16.
27. Zhang, T., Kershaw, S., Wan, Y. and Lan, G. 2000. Geochemical and facies evidence for palaeoenvironmental change during the Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation in South Sichuan Province, China. Global and Planetary Change, 24, 133-152.
28. Fagerstrom, J.A., West, R.R. Kershaw, S. and Cossey, P. 2000. Spatial competition among clonal organisms in extant and selected Paleozoic reef communities. Facies, 42, 1-24.
29. Rust, D. and Kershaw, S. 2000. Holocene tectonic uplift patterns in northeastern Sicily: evidence from marine notches in coastal oucrops. Marine Geology, 167, 105-126.
30. Kershaw, S. 2000. Quaternary reefs of northeastern Sicily: structure and growth controls in an unstable tectonic setting. Journal of Coastal Research, 16 (4), 1037-1062.
31. Kershaw, S. and Guo. L. 2001. Marine notches in coastal cliffs: indicators of relative sea-level change, Perachora Peninsula, central Greece. Marine Geology, 179, 213-228.
32. Li, Y., Kershaw, S. and Chen, X. 2002. Biotic structure and morphology of patch reefs from Ningqiang Formation, Telychian, Llandovery, Silurian, South China.Facies, 46, 133-148.
33. Sandström, S. and Kershaw, S. 2002. Ludlow (Silurian) stromatoporoid biostromes from Gotland, Sweden: facies, depositional models and modern analogues. Sedimentology. 49, 379-395.
34. Kershaw, S., Guo, L., Swift, A. and Fan, J. 2002. ?Microbialites in the Permian-Triassic boundary interval in central China: structure, age and distribution. Facies, 47, 83-90.
35. Kershaw, S. & Guo, L. 2002. Ecology and growth of giant calcified cyanobacterial mounds in the Pleistocene of Central Greece. In: Bucur I.I & Filipescu S.(eds) - Research advances in calcareous algae and microbial carbonates (Proceedings of the 4th IFAA Regional Meeting Cluj-Napoca, August, 29-September 5, 2001), p.145-156, Cluj University Press.
36. Li, Y. and Kershaw, S. 2003. Reef construction after extinction events of the latest Ordovician in the Yangtze Platform, South China. Facies, 48, 269-284.
37. Antonioli, F., Kershaw, S., Rust, D. & Verrubbi, V. 2003. Holocene sea-level change in Sicily, and its implications for tectonic models: new data from the Taormina area, northeast Sicily. Marine Geology, 196, 53-71.
38. Kershaw, S. and Guo, L. 2003. Pleistocene cyanobacterial mounds in the Perachora Peninsula, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: structure, and applications to interpreting sea-level history and terrace sequences in an unstable tectonic setting. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 193, 503-514.
39. Li, Y., Kershaw, S. and Mu, X. 2004. Ordovician reef systems and settings in south China before the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 205, 235-254.
40. Li, Y., Kershaw, S. and Chen, X. 2004. Control of carbonate sedimentation and reef growth in Llandovery sequences on the northwestern margin of Yangtze Platform, South China. Gondwana Research, 7 (4), 937-949.
41. Kershaw, S. and Antonioli, F.A. 2004. Tidal notches at Taormina, east Sicily: why is the mid-Holocene notch well-formed, but no modern notch is present in the same locality? In: Antonioli, F. (ed.). Contribution of the analysis of palaeoshorelines to understanding recent tectonic movements, Messina Straits, Italy. Proceedings of an international conference, University of Messina, Sicily, 5-8 May 2003, Quaternaria Nova, 8, 155-170.
42. Antonioli, F.A., Lambeck, K., Kershaw, S., Rust, D., Sylos Labini, S., Segre, A.V., Verrubbi, V., Belluomini, G., Dai Pra, G., Ferranti, L., Improta, S. and Vesica, P. 2004. Evidence for non-uniform uplift rates in southern Italy (Calabria and Eastern Sicily) on glacial-cycle timescales. In: Antonioli, F. (ed.). Contribution of the analysis of palaeoshorelines to understanding recent tectonic movements, Messina Straits, Italy. Proceedings of an international conference, University of Messina, Sicily, 5-8 May 2003, Quaternaria Nova, 8, 187-192.
43. Triantis, Stavrakas, Anastasiadis, Vallianatos and Kershaw, S. 2004. Dielectric Spectroscopy in Crustal Rocks:Preliminary results from Northeastern Sicily (Italy) and the Gulf of Corinth (Greece). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece. 36, 1925-1931.
44. Kershaw, S. 2004. Comment - Earliest Triassic microbialite micro- to megastructures in the Huaying area of Sichuan Province, south China: implications for the nature of oceanic conditions after the end-Permian extinction (Ezaki et al. 2003). Palaios, 19 (4), 418-420.
45. Costa, P., Leroy, S., Kershaw, S. and Dinis, J., 2005. Tsunamis: causes, behaviour and sedimentary signature. Studies on the AD 1755 (Portugal). In: Martinez-Frias J. and Madero J. (eds), Meteoritos y Geología Planetaria, Iberian Conference of Planetary Geology, Museo de las Ciencias de Castilla-La Mancha, Ed. Diputación Provincial de Cuenca, Spain, 23: 151-171.
46. Crasquin-Soleau, S. and Kershaw, S. 2005. Ostracod fauna from the Permian-Triassic Boundary Interval of South China (Huaying Mountains, eastern Sichuan Province): palaeoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 217, 131-141.
47. Kershaw, S., Guo, L. and Braga, J-C. 2005. A Holocene coral-algal reef at Mavra Litharia, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: structure, history and applications in relative sea-level change. Marine Geology. 215, 171-192.
48. Young, G. and Kershaw, S. 2005. Classification and controls of internal banding in Palaeozoic stromatoporoids and colonial corals. Palaeontology. 48 (3), 623-651.
49. Li, Y., Matsumoto, R. and Kershaw, S. 2005. Sedimentary and biotic evidence of a warm-water enclave in the cooler oceans of the latest Ordovician glacial phase, Yangtze Platform, South China Block. Island Arc, 14, 623-635.
50. Königshof, P. & Kershaw, S. 2005. Stromatoporoid growth forms in reef facies in the Devonian of Morocco (West Sahara): palaeobiological and palaeoecologiocal implications. Facies, DOI-10.1007/s10347-005-0041-1.
51. Antonioli, F., Ferranti, L. and Kershaw, S. 2006. A glacial isostatic adjustment origin for double MIS 5.5 and Holocene marine notches in the coastline of Italy. Quaternary International, 145-146, 19-29.
52. Antonioli, F., Kershaw, S., Renda, P., Rust, D., Belluomini, G., Cerasoli, M., Radtke, U. and Silenzi, S. 2006. Elevation of the last interglacial highstand in Sicily (Italy): a benchmark of coastal tectonics. Quaternary International, 145-146, 3-18.
53. Kershaw, S. and Guo, L. 2006. Pleistocene calcified cyanobacterial mounds, Perachora Peninsula, central Greece: a controversy of growth and history. In: Pedley, H. M. and Carannante, G. (eds); Cool-water carbonates. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 255, 53-69.
54. Kershaw, S., Wood, R. and Guo, L. 2006. Stromatoporoid response to muddy substrates in Silurian limestones. GFF, 128, 131-138
55. Antonioli, F., Ferranti, L., Lambeck, K., Kershaw, S., Verrubbi, V. and Dai Pra, G. 2006. Late Pleistocene to Holocene record of changing uplift rates in southern Calabria and northeastern Sicily (southern Italy, Central Mediterranean Sea). Tectonophysics, 422, 23-40.
56. Kershaw, S., Li, Y. and Guo, L. 2007. Micritic fabrics define sharp margins of Wenlock patch reefs (middle Silurian) in Gotland and England. In Alvaro, J.J., Aretz, M., Boulvain, F., Munnecke, A., Vachard, D. and Vennin, E (eds). Palaeozoic reefs and bioaccumulations: Climatic and Evolutionary Controls. Geological Society Special Publications, 275, 87-94.
57. Kershaw, S., Li, Y., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Feng, Q., Mu, X., Collin, P-Y., Reynolds, and Guo, L. (2007). Earliest Triassic microbialites in the South China Block and other areas; controls on their growth and distribution. Facies, 53(3), 409-425.
58. Crasquin-Soleau, S., Galfetti, T., Bucher, H., Kershaw, S. and Feng, Q. 2007. Ostracod recovery in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic crisis: Palaeozoic-Mesozoic turnover. Hydrobiologia, 585, 13-27.
59. Kershaw, S. and Guo, L. 2007. Reply to Andrews et al.: Discussion on Pleistocene calcified cyanobacterial mounds, Perachora Peninsula, central Greece: a controversy of growth and history. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164, 1065-1072.
60. Mu, X., Kershaw, S., Li, Y., Guo, L. Qi, Y. and Reynolds, A. (in press for 2008). High-resolution carbon isotope changes in the Permian–Triassic boundary interval, Chongqing, South China; implications for control and growth of earliest Triassic microbialites. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,
61. Pedoja, K., Kershaw, S., Shen, J-W. and Tang, C. (in press for 2008). Coastal Quarternary morphologies on the northern coast of the South China Sea, China, and their implications for current tectonic models: a review and preliminary study. Marine Geology.
62. Sandström, S. and Kershaw, S. 2008. Palaeobiology, ecology, and distribution of stromatoporoid faunas in biostromes of the mid-Ludlow of Gotland, Sweden. Acta Palaeontological Polonica. 53(2), 293-302.
63. Kershaw, S., Crasquin, S., Collin, P-Y., Li, Y., Feng, Q. and Forel, M-B. (in press for 2009). Microbialites as disaster forms in anachronistic facies following the end-Permian mass extinction: a discussion. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences.
64. Collin, P-Y., Kershaw, S., Crasquin, S. and Feng, Q. 2008. Facies changes and diagenetic processes across the Permian-Triassic boundary event horizon, Great Bank of Guizhou, South China: a controversy of erosion and dissolution. Sedimentology, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.00992.x.
65. Wignall, P., Kershaw, S., Collin, P-Y., and Crasquin, S. 2008. Comment on: Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Follet, D., Seibel, M., Kump, L.R., Riccardi, A., Altiner, D., Sano, H., and Wei, J-Y. 2007. Erosional truncation of uppermost Permian shallow-marine carbonates and implications for Permian-Triassic boundary events. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 771-784.
66. Kalisperi, D., Soupios, P., Kouli, M., Barsukov, P., Kershaw, S., Collins, P., and Vallainatos, F. 2009. Coastal aquifer assessment using geophysical methods (TEM, VES), case study: Northern Crete, Greece; WSEAS Conferences in the University of
Cambridge
has been accepted and be included in the ISI and indexed by
Journal of EI Compendex. 

B) Foreign-language journal papers:

1. Zhang, T., Yu, J., Bian, L., Kershaw, S., Chen, X. and Lan, G. 1998. Strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and their geological significance: the Silurian strata on the northern and southern margins of the Sichuan Basin. Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography, 18, (3), 41-49
2. Zhang, T., Lan, G., Kershaw, S., Bian, L. and Yu, J. 1999. Silurian reef diagenesis and reservoir characteristics on north and south margins of Sichuan Basin. Acta Sedimentological Sinica, 17, (3), 374-382.
3. Zhang, T., Lan, G. and Kershaw, S. 1999. Tectonic and sea-level change influence on the Silurian reefs development of north and south margins of Sichuan Basin. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 20, (3), 19-24 (in Chinese with English abstract).
4. Li, Y., Kershaw, S., Li, J., Bian, L-Z., Zhang, S-G., Zhang, J-M. and Xia, F-S. 2002. Factors controlling the temporal and spatial distributions of Ordovician reefs in South China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 26, (1), 9-17. (in Chinese).
5. Li, Y., Mu, X. and Kershaw, S. 2002. Microbialites and calcareous algae from reefal facies of the Ningqiang Formation (Telychian, Silurian), south Shaanxi and north Sichuan. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 19 (2), 170-177. (in Chinese with English abstract).

C) Non-refereed papers:

1. Kershaw, S. 1986. Clastic facies analysis and reservoir potential in a North Sea reservoir. Shell (UK) Ltd. internal report (full title confidential).
2. Kershaw, S. & Smith, R. 1986. A Bathonian hardground at Foss Cross, near Cirencester. Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists Field Club 15 (2): 165 – 179.
3. Kershaw, S. & Gaudoin, D. 1989. The Scar Limestone at Faulds Brow Quarry, Caldbeck, Northern Lake District. Proceedings of the Cumberland Geological Society 5 (2): 129 - 149.

Teaching

My teaching duties include taught courses at undergraduate and MSc level, and research degree supervision of MPhil and PhD projects. In the Institute for the Environment, I coordinate and teach most of the Environmental Management module and teach geosciences in other modules; I also teach geosciences to engineering students in the School of Engineering and Design. My teaching involves a diversity of lectures, practical classes, seminars and field classes.

External Duties

Editorial work:

• 2003 – present: Editorial board member of Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology;
• 2003 – present: Editorial board member of Facies;
• 2005 - present: Editorial board of the Journal Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Seria Geologia, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Reviewing work:

• 1980 – present: peer-review of papers for following journals: Nature, Geology; Quaternary Science Reviews; SEPM; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology; Marine Geology; Palaios; Sedimentary Geology; Palaeontology; Facies; Journal of the Geological Society of London; Geological Society of London Special Publication; Quaternaria (Italian); Various conference volumes of the International Association of Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera.
• 1980 - present: Occasional grant reviews for Leverhulme Trust, NERC (UK), NSERC (Canada) and NSF (USA);