Research projects showcase College All Business, Arts and Social Sciences Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences Health and Life Sciences Subjects All Aerospace Engineering Anthropology Biomedical Sciences Business School Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Communication and Media Studies Computer Science Creative Writing Design Digital Media Economics and Finance Education Electronic and Computer Engineering English Environmental Sciences Film Studies Games Design Global Challenges History Journalism Law Life Sciences Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Music Occupational Therapy Physiotherapy Politics and International Relations Psychology Public Health and Health Promotion Social Work Sociology Specialist Community Public Health Nursing Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences Theatre Status All Ongoing Completed Wind turbine blade anti/ de-icing, combined ultrasonic guided wave and vibration system Completed High temperature pipe structural health monitoring system Completed Ultrasonic system for inspection and structural health of high temperature superheated steam pipes Completed Cryptocurrency markets Ongoing Cross-border portfolio flows and media news coverage Completed Bitcoin exchanges and cultural analysis Ongoing Condition monitoring of wind turbine drivetrains via non-contact acoustic sensors Completed Digital twin of wind turbines for real time continuous monitoring and inspection Completed Predictive maintenance and design upscaling tool for wave energy devices Completed Long range ultrasonic inspection of aircraft wiring Completed SmartBridge: Smart Monitoring and Inspection of Bridges Infrastructure Completed Smart smallholder greenhouses for Africa Ongoing Long range ultrasonic inspection of aircraft wiring Completed Automated inline inspection and quality control of net-shape PM components Completed Robotic digital X-ray scanning system for deep water flexible riser inspection Completed Integrity testing of deep foundation piles Completed Automated digital radiography system for the inspection of plastic electronics Completed Development of quality control system for leak-free fuel tanks Completed Sensing technologies and advanced analytics for reduction of post-harvest spoilage Completed Inspection technique for MEMS components Ongoing Amphibious robot for inspection and predictive maintenance of offshore wind assets Ongoing Intelligent inspection system for power line cable maintenance Completed Development of 3D digital glasses for enhancing mobility Completed Developing human-like decision making algorithms for high risk environments Ongoing Enhanced defect detection aided by CAD controlled robotics Completed Petri nets for multiscale Systems Biology Completed Establishing a 'Futures Market' for Digital Personhood Data Completed Micro company productivity enhancement with Cloud Computing Completed Smart Money Ongoing Dissecting Body Representations: A Multi-dimensional Approach Ongoing Reducing sitting behaviour in people with Type 2 diabetes Ongoing Innovative solar energy technology for Kenyan tea industry Ongoing Copyright, AI and the music industry Completed Informing the global Intellectual Property policy Completed A contextual theory of cross-border integration in Poland Ongoing Regulation of cryptocurrencies: US, UK and the UK Ongoing Proximity-based Interactive Media Experiences Ongoing Riding the wave - seeing and feeling music Ongoing Generating bioenergy from waste with solar reactor Ongoing Attending mindfully: A psychophysiology study of sensory processing in meditators Ongoing Childhood maltreatment: emotional consequences and potential intervention Ongoing Air pollution, brain health and wellbeing in India Ongoing Motion pictures and human brands Completed Constituency Campaigning at the 2019 General Election Completed Writing in the Digital Age-Keyboard versus Pen in Adolescents with Handwriting Difficulties Ongoing Recycling of concrete from construction and demolition waste Ongoing Entrepreneurship, resilience and rural community branding Completed Entrepreneurship through intergenerational crowdfunding Ongoing Smart glass AR and affective storytelling in historic places Completed Mixed families in contemporary London Ongoing Elucidation of the metabolic signature of Friedreich's ataxia Ongoing Walls energising buildings Ongoing Facilitating social media research in social sciences Completed Predicting online radicalisation Completed Producing super-strength straw building materials Ongoing Stealth marketing and physical activity Completed Community sport, wellbeing and mental health Completed Sport, Culture, Communities and Wellbeing Completed Big Tissue and Society Completed Digital games histories Ongoing Design and technology solutions for Plus Energy Houses Ongoing Supply chain collaboration: Agribusiness SMEs and Post-Brexit Trade Ongoing Ascending to the edge of space Completed Every Litter Matters Completed Exploring behavioural change in Nigeria and Sri Lanka Completed Perceptions of plastics pollution in Sri Lanka and Vietnam Completed Plastic pollution in Nigeria Completed Breathing muscle strength in healthy children Ongoing Poetry at Play Completed Development, financing and distribution: the workflow in the contemporary game industry Ongoing Play Your Research Completed Energising Scientific Endeavour through Science Gateways and e-Infrastructures in Africa (Sci-GaIA) Completed e-Infrastructures for Africa Ongoing Cloud-based Simulation platform for Manufacturing and Engineering (CloudSME) Completed Cloud Orchestration at the Level of Application (COLA) Completed CraftBrew Whole Brewery Management System Completed The US Embassy-Hollywood Complex Completed Mobile technologies for improved home-based healthcare assessments Ongoing Digital game-based student centred learning Ongoing Verified Exascale Computing for Multiscale Simulations Ongoing HPC and Big Data Technologies for Global Systems Ongoing Developmental Coordination Disorder Ongoing Understanding social change through autobiographical narrative Ongoing Cytisine vs varenicline for smoking cessation in New Zealand Completed Addressing smokeless tobacco and building research capacity in South Asia (ASTRA) Completed Investigation of bipolar charge distribution of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols using the phase doppler anemometry system Completed Artificial intelligent system for oncological volumetric medical PET classification Completed Synthesis of continuous whole-body motion in hexapod robot for humanitarian demining Completed Credit scoring model based on classifiers consensus system approach Completed An intelligent manufacturing system for heat treatment scheduling Completed Intelligent control of bi-product distillation column Completed Biometric identification using gait Completed The Rights Hero: A mobile game to help displaced children learn their rights Completed Supply Chain Network Optimization Ongoing Spiking Sparse Distributed Memory Model and Its Implementation on Loihi Architecture Completed Open Source Software Communities Completed Trans African Network Development (TANDEM) Completed High Performance Simulation for Industry and Society (Ongoing Research Theme) Ongoing 3D Software Mapping For Osteoarthritis Pain Self-Management Completed Multimodal digital media in journalistic newsrooms Completed Networked Labs for Training in Sciences and ICT Completed Multimodal Emergency Guide System for Elderly Completed Making Deep Learning and AI skills mainstream in India Ongoing Research in consciousness transfer and communication technologies Completed Using robots to teach the fundamentals of programming Completed Developing an end-to-end Digital Manufacturing solution Ongoing Supporting Patient-Practitioner Collaboration and Adherence via Mobile 3D Interior Design Technology Ongoing Gestalt grouping and perceptual averaging to boost memory capacity Ongoing A deep learning model for global camera trap labelling Ongoing Maintenance models for zero-unexpected-breakdowns Ongoing Retinal image analysis Ongoing Personalised disease modelling Ongoing Intelligent data-driven pipeline for the manufacturing of certified metal parts Ongoing Beamforming using Artificial Intelligence for 6G Networks Ongoing Environmental Matters Shorts aka Eat My Shorts Completed Visual and emotional processing in early Parkinson's disease Ongoing Controversy, Declassified: Unmasking Hajj Amin al-Husseini through his wartime letters and diaries Ongoing Gender Differences in Multitasking Ongoing The migration of social workers to and from the UK Ongoing Statistical modelling of multi-omics data Ongoing Nanofluid based Solar PV/T Technology for Polygeneration Ongoing Assessing endocrine disruption in birds, fish and amphibians Completed Diabetes UK: Understanding physical activity Completed Using the Internet as a data source Ongoing Building earthquake and tsunami resilience in East Indonesia Ongoing Side effects of gene therapy vectors Completed New regression models for the analysis of well-being and income distribution Ongoing Developing a goal orientated assessment & outcome measure for children's wheelchair basketball Ongoing Health and well-being of adults with cerebral palsy Completed Creative Interruptions Completed Innovative techniques for precise, atraumatic placement of cochlear implant (CI) Ongoing Modelling adenoid cystic carcinoma in a mouse Completed Hi-Leak: Innovative monitoring system for early leak detection in water distribution systems Ongoing Innovative ultra-sonic guided wave technology for intelligent sensing of defects Ongoing The Period Poverty Project Ongoing The development of adaptable and multi-functional building integrated photovoltaics Ongoing A new cell and gene therapy approach for Friedreich's ataxia Ongoing Modernization of Doctoral Education in Science and improvement of Teaching Methodologies: MODEST Ongoing Sector Skills Strategy in Additive Manufacturing Ongoing Developing a UV ballast water treatment system with real-time monitoring Completed Digital monitoring of ships Ongoing Scientific underpinnings of the clinical assessment of patellofemoral alignment Completed Biomechanical and sociological factors influencing pain and physical activity in children Completed Zero Breakdown, a Predictive Maintenance for Manufacturing Systems. Completed Assessment of injury risk factors and mechanisms in elite netball Completed Quantification of carbon emissions and savings in smart grids Completed Sustainable Digital Furniture Manufacturing Using 3D Printing Robot Ongoing Artificial Intelligence for Optimisation and Demand Side Response of Built Environment Management Ongoing Innovative Quality Engineering and Smart Technology Ongoing Vascular stiffness and distensibility in exercising humans Completed Optimising biomechanics of throwing performance Completed Mapping Digital Humanitarianism: Confronting Opportunities and Challenges Completed Statistical Methods on Internet as a Source of Data Gathering Completed The impact of hydration status on heat acclimation adaptations Completed Circulating microvesicles responses to exercise and heat stress Completed Bike riding biomechanics and performance in children Completed Assessing the functional trajectories of people with chronic critical illness Completed Acute cardiovascular responses to slow and deep breathing Completed Innovative strategies, sensing and process chains for manufacturing optolectronics Completed Image Analysis for Complex Data in Non Destructive Testing Completed Internet of Radio-Light Ongoing GridPP - Distributed computing for data intensive research Completed Fostering creative citizens through co-design and public makerspaces Ongoing The impact of task complexity, cognitive load and anxiety on driving Completed The relationship between gaze and information pickup during action observation Completed The effects of sonification on motor imagery ability Completed Anticipation in Soccer Completed Decision Making in Gaelic Football Ongoing Road cycling behaviour of young adults Completed Innovative wrist device for high accuracy non-invasive blood glucose monitoring Ongoing Improving services for electrically powered indoor/outdoor chair (EPIOC) users Completed Preclinical studies of the inherited disease Friedreich ataxia Completed Enhancing usability of raw media materials Completed Live Immersive Video-Audio Interactive Multimedia Completed Respiratory responses to exercise in athletes with spinal cord injury Completed When reading misfires: the case for letter confusability Ongoing Effects of creatine supplementation on the airways of youth elite football players Completed Medicines and diagnostics in Mozambique and Fiji Completed Physical activity and McArdle disease Ongoing Handwriting difficulties in children Completed Effects of dehydration and hyperthermia on brain and muscle blood flow Completed Injury Risk in Mixed Gender Football Completed Development of efficient and scalable ultrasound-assisted solidification technologies Completed Increasing excellence on advanced additive manufacturing (INEX-ADAM) Ongoing Fundamental Study of Cavitation Melt Processing Completed Accounting for the Past: The Neoliberal Logics of Transitional Justice Ongoing PortForward: Towards a green and sustainable ecosystem for the EU Port of the Future Ongoing Use of Liquid Biopsies as Cancer Biomarkers Completed Photographing Everyday Life: Ageing, Lived Experiences, Time and Space Completed Low-cost Portable Molecular Diagnostic Platform Ongoing HYDROUSA - Development of innovative water cycles and value chains Ongoing Multi-sensory processing of faces and voices Completed Local Inertia – Understanding the impact of the distribution of inertial response Completed Multi-sensor condition monitoring for predictive maintenance of rail infrastructure using optical fibre sensors Completed An ultrasonic system for anti-fouling and condition monitoring of offshore wind turbines Ongoing International Sexuality Description Project Completed RHOMBUS: Rehabilitation via HOMe Based gaming exercise for the Upper-limb post Stroke Completed MOLAY-STRUDEL Completed Investigation and modelling of fast frequency phenomena Ongoing The global lives of the orangutan Ongoing Fabrication and characterization of Mg matrix nanocomposites for biomedical applications Completed Integrated cast-extrusion of light alloys Completed The development of next generation antibacterial Ti implants Completed STORM- Specialised Thimbles for Offshore Renewable Marine energy Completed Basalt Fibre Reinforced HDPE for Wave Energy Converters Completed EM-ReSt Completed Bloodwise Ongoing Well-being care maps Completed New Developments in the Delivery of Occupational Health Services to Small Firms Completed Semantic Credit Risk Assessment of Business Ecosystems Completed Railway overhead line behaviour Completed Safeguarding Quality or Papering over the cracks? Completed Built in a Day? Completed Over the top? Completed The Model Driven Hospitals Completed The Empty Taxi Completed Developing a Process Model of Corporate Hubris Ongoing 'Placing' the Experiences of White Working Class Men in Elementary Occupations Completed Knowledge Exchange Processes in Multicultural Teams Completed Integrating Highly-Qualified Migrants Completed Flow boiling and condensation of mixtures in microscale Completed The role of planned and improvisational knowledge implementation processes in teams Ongoing Country Report Germany: The state of diversity policies in Germany Completed Enhanced Artificial Intelligence Breast MRI Scanning System (IntelliScan) Ongoing CHAMAELEON - vehicle lightweighting Completed RoboTest Ongoing Educational Intervention To Improve Uptake Of Hepatitis B And C Testing In South East Asians Ongoing Low-cost Diagnostic Platform for Detection of Poultry Infectious Pathogens Ongoing British International Lawyers and the Rise and Fall of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) Completed The Financial Markets Law Committee (FMLC) Ongoing Consumer over-indebtedness Completed Knowing our Rights Ongoing Britain in Europe Ongoing MEnS - meeting of energy professional skills Completed Development of a constitutive model to simulate unbounded flexible composite riser pipe elements Completed Developing new model organisms Completed Adaptive Automated Scientific Laboratory (AdaLab) Completed New landscapes of training for work: the extended role of housing associations Completed Plastic Oceans Completed Boiling Heat Transfer with Controlled Arrays of Nucleation Sites on Silicon Surfaces Completed Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Flexible Pipes for Deep-Water Applications Completed Heat Pipe Technology for Thermal Energy Recovery in Industrial Applications (ETEKINA) Ongoing Smart Grids Completed Evaluating the payback or impact from expenditure on research Completed The economics of public health Completed European-study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco (EQUIPT) Completed Minimising disasters - can supply chain management help? Completed Respiratory physiology, human performance and health Completed The ultimate heritage brand: the British Monarchy Completed The clinical and cost-effectiveness of different treatment pathways for neuropathic pain Completed MESOVATS trial Completed Economic and Psychological Evaluation of the Multi-Centre Aneurysm Screening study (MASS) Completed Screening Women for Aneurysms (SWAN) Completed Economic issues associated with operation and Evaluation of Telemedicine Services Completed The growth and rupture rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms- implication for screening Completed The cost effectiveness of genetic markers for antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis Completed An Economic Evaluation of Telemedicine to Provide Specialist Advice in Paediatric Cardiology (The TelePaed Project) Completed Economic Evaluation of Small Bowel Transplantation in Paediatrics Completed Collaboration with Papworth Hospital Completed Evaluation of the national strain typing service for tuberculosis Completed Assessment Evaluation of the Health Economics of Anti- Depressants (AHEAD) Completed Economic evaluation of non-invasive tests of fibrosis and cirrhosis Completed Improving Patient Choice in Treating Low Back Pain (IMPACT - LBP) Completed Evaluation and service implementation of molecular diagnostic and minimal residual disease monitoring Completed National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Medical Technologies Evaluation Programme (MedTEP) Completed Sport and Employability Completed Revisiting oestrogenic effects in wild fish: assessing and comparing contemporary and historical impacts Completed EURASIA-Net Completed ICT&ART Connect: Connecting ICT & Art Communities Completed CRe-AM: Creativity REsearch Adaptive roadMap Completed CHOICE: Strengthening China Collboration on ICT research with Europe Completed Transmission and Distribution data eXchanges for renewables integration in the European marketplace Ongoing An integrated computational-experimental method to redesign protein dynamics Ongoing Shadows of the Dawn: Migration and the Indeterminacy of Community and Immunity Completed Preventing Inter-faith relations in Israel through social services and the media Completed Culture, Sport and Wellbeing: Social Diversity and Context Matters Completed The Health and Sport Engagement (HASE) Project Completed Exploratory Study ICT-enabled innovation in social services in the EU Completed OASIS - Openly Accessible Services and Interacting Society Completed Physical Activity in the Workplace Completed Cancer and Physical Activity Completed Muscle response to exercise in cerebral palsy Ongoing SHEQuIP - Sudan Higher Education Quality Improvement Project Completed Daiwa Foundation sponsored project with Tokyo University Completed Innovation at work: Psychological well-being, processes and outcomes Completed LiveCity - Live Video-to-Video Supporting Interactive City Infrastructure Completed BIOPOOL: Services associated to digitalised contents of tissues in biobanks across Europe Completed ACCA / ESRC Business Case for Diversity Completed DAREED Completed Enhancing Doctoral Supervision and Quality Completed SMPs' role in the internationalisation efforts of UK SMEs Completed Policy Compass Completed Patent use, Technology Licensing and IP management in UK firms Completed MINI-CHIP Completed Drug rescue of frataxin-dependent neural and cardiac pathophysiology in FA Completed Robotic surgery and society Completed Suicide, youth and farmers in South India Completed Education, Childhood and Social Mobility in India Completed Neglected Tropical Diseases Completed The Politics of Alterity and Values of Symmetry in Fuyuge Myths and Ritual (Papua New Guinea) Completed HIV/AIDS in the UK Completed Anthropology and Emotion Completed The Social Life of the Orangutan Completed Down to the Road: Landscape, Morality and Politics in Bidayuh Experiences of Resettlement Completed Holy Cows and Chicken Manchuria Completed Disabled lives: understanding disability through ethnographic biography Completed Masculinity and De-Industrialisation in the South African lowveld Completed Remembering Absence Completed Urban Development, Youth and the Future in Kigali, Rwanda Completed Caspian climatic cycles for improved petroleum exploration Completed GAP WORK: Improving gender-related violence intervention and referral through youth practitioner training Completed DoReMi - LDR-OPTI-GEN - Low dose radiation-induced optical changes and genetic factors Completed Universities Supporting Victims of Sexual Violence Completed Microfluidics in Diagnosis Completed Surgical robotics for therapy and diagnosis Completed Orkney: Beside the Ocean of Time Completed Investigation of Health Effects Associated with Exposure to Indirect Potable Reuse Drinking Water Completed Can roach, Rutilus rutilus, adapt to the harmful effects of oestrogen exposure from waste water treatment work effluents? Completed A Decoy Artificial Snail Host to Control Schistosoma mansoni Completed Protex 2 Completed Impacts of palaeoenvironmental changes on Meso-Neolithic innovation and adaptation in the Caspian coast Completed PRIDE Drivers of Pontocaspian biodiversity Rise and Demise Completed Modelling the t(7;12) Infant Leukaemia using Gene Editing Technology Ongoing Strength Training for Adolescents with cerebral palsy (STAR) Completed Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the Regulation of Mitotic Exit and Nuclear Organisation Completed A Data-Oriented Predictive Ecology Approach to Modelling Fish Communities during Regime Shifts Completed Posidonia as environmental archive: long-term ecology and conservation views Completed Developing the International Safeguards for Children in Sport Completed Muscle heat shock proteins with passive heating Completed Singing and Social Bonding: Creating connections between practitioners and researchers Completed Having Little, Having Less: Toward a Psychology of Low Socioeconomic Status Completed Ageing, Communication, Technologies (ACT): experiencing a digital world in later life Ongoing Exploring the Potential of Disabled Comedians in Improving the Lives and Experiences of Disabled People Completed From Plastic Pollution to Solutions: Public Communication of Environmental and Health Risks Completed Capacitively Coupled Cables for Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power Completed Stem cell mitotic response to damage in old and young Drosophila melanogaster Completed Photographing Everyday Life: Ageing, Lived Experiences, Time and Space Completed Why aren't all old people lonely? A comparative analysis of European Union Completed Living Well with Dementia (IDEAL) Completed Dare to Age Well Completed Tackling Ageing Continence through Theory, Tools and Technology (TACT3) Completed What Works Wellbeing: Culture, Sport and Wellbeing Evidence Review: Social Diversity and Context Matters Completed The wellbeing needs of older people living with sight loss Completed Image Analysis for Complex Data in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Completed Automotive crashworthiness Completed Development of a web-based decision aid to assist occupational therapists to make optimal fitness-to-drive decisions for disabled and older drivers Completed New perspectives on loneliness: developing theory, methodology and evidence practice Completed Pelvic floor exercise device for prevention and cure of Stress Urinary Incontinence in women Completed Scoping our future research priorities Completed Give and Take Care Completed Biologically inspired and self-powered dynamic systems Completed Ambidexterous robot hand Completed Holoscopic 3D Vision Completed Hydration and human cardiovascular function Completed Disinfection of recirculating water systems Completed Chromosome dynamics and Nuclear Motors – Chromobility Completed Cytogenetic Assessment of British Nuclear Test Veterans and their Offspring Ongoing Modelling internal bone marrow dose from Radium-223 Completed Active refrigeration shelf with thermal storage Completed Design Assistant for Semantic Comparison of Intellectual Property Completed Powerweave Completed Host: Pathogen interactions through the host genome Ongoing Drug treatments lead to Correction of Aberrant Genome Behaviour in Cancer and Immortalised Cells Ongoing Understanding and Treatment of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome Completed Optimising Energy Management in Industry - OPTEMIN Completed Low Temperature Waste Heat to Power Generation Completed Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage through 3D Imaging Completed Evaluation of oligonucleotides for therapy of Friedreich ataxia Completed GELCLAD - Highly efficient cladding eco-panels with improved Nano-insulation properties Completed Industrial Thermal Energy Recovery Conversion and Management Completed RCUK National Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains (CSEF) Completed Design for Resource and Energy efficiency in cerAMic kilns Completed Performance and design optimisation of the HERU waste treatment system Completed Thermal design characterization of the HERU waste treatment chamber Completed Education systems, aspiration and learning in remote rural settings Completed Erva Mate Drying Completed Thermo storage of biomedical materials and products under low temperature cryogenic conditions Completed Social cash transfers, generational relations and youth poverty trajectories in rural Lesotho and Malawi Completed Smart GEMS Completed SolHy- Experimental, computational and environmental impact study of a solar powered hydrogen production system for domestic cooking applications in developing economies Completed Cool Materials – High Tech / Low Cost solution for energy efficiency and thermal comfort in low rise buildings in high solar radiation countries Completed Robust Automated Servicing of Passenger Trains-Fluids (RASPT-F) Completed Adapting Waste Heat Recovery Technologies for Low Carbon Off- Highway Vehicles Completed Variable Geometry Turbine Design for Advanced Turbocharger Application Part 2 Completed Optimisation of LESsCOAL for large-scale high-fidelity simulation of coal pyrolysis and combustion Completed UK Consortium on Turbulent Reacting Flows Completed Modelling alkali metal pollutant formation in LES of pulverised-coal combustion Completed Evaluation of the effect of injector deposits on diesel combustion Completed Miniaturised solar concentrators for water desalination/purification Completed Cost Effective Maximum Performance Core Composite for VIPs Completed Joint research on advanced diesel engine combustion and regenerative high efficiency diesel engine Completed Development of low temperature partially premixed compression ignition combustion engine technologies for commercial vehicles Completed Advanced Downsized SI Engine Operation Completed Ultra Efficient Engines and Fuel Completed Development of Smart Drilling Spindle Systems Completed Development of the functional surface u-texturing module with application to micromilling Completed SPH as nonlocal regularisation method Completed Material behaviour Completed Bird strike Completed Aircraft seating Completed Fragmentation Completed Tablet impact protection Completed Non Destructive Testing of defects in oil and gas pipelines Completed Identifying the bulk acoustic properties of a viscoelastic coating Completed Scattering from defects in buried pipes Completed Continuous advanced structural health monitoring system for crane inspection applications Completed Enabling a More Reliable Smart Grid with Big Data Completed Sponsored Studentship Thames Water Utilities Ongoing Design and Development of International Electricity Highway Systems Completed Scalable Smart Grid Infrastructure Completed e-Highway2050 – Modular Development Plan of the Pan-European Transmission System 2050 Completed